Analysis Of The Poem Fear Of Narrative And The Skittery...

In his article â€Å"Fear of Narrative and the Skittery Poem of Our Moment,† Tony Hoagland argues that modern poetry is â€Å"oblique,† â€Å"fractured,† and â€Å"discontinuous†. He believes that poems no longer have systematic structure or development, making them appear random with skittish tendencies. Because of the poems that Hoagland feels are different, he categorizes most new poems to be like the kind he describes in his article. He further evaluates new poetry by claiming that â€Å"narrative poetry is tainted by overuse† and that the time we live in is â€Å"simply not a narrative age.† He uses several poems to support his argument such as, â€Å"Couples† by Mark Halliday and â€Å"First Person Fabulous† by Matthea Harvey. He utilizes these poems because they possess no true focal point and the structure restricts them from having a clear narrative. While the poems he uses in his article may depict skittishness and an elusive voice, many of the poems in The Best of the Best of American Poetry edited by Robert Pinksy represent modern poetry as having a focal point and self-consciousness of narrative. This anthology contains poems from the best of American poetry from recent years that have appeared in magazines and other published articles. Hoagland may think that narrative and continuity are things of the past but this compilation of today’s poetry illustrates a different take on the argument at hand. Many pieces throughout the anthology reflect poems of self-consciousness; something that Hoagland

Plato s Views On Morality And Virtue - 1819 Words

In this dialogue we see Socrates in intellectual argument with a fellow philosopher: Protagoras who claims to be Sophists (professional expert in wisdom) they both use various arguments and counter arguments to prove their arguments on the topic of piety and virtue. Socrates believed that Virtues is something that could not be taught or learned, where Protagoras claimed that he can teach people â€Å"good judgement† in both personal affairs, civil issues and teach political science so that his students will become good citizens. The argument begins with Protagoras claiming that he can teach Hippocrates â€Å"good judgement† in both personal affairs and civic issues. He also claims to be able to teach political science in a way so that his students will become good citizens. To this Socrates replies that he did not know this was something that could be taught and in consequence he poses one of the central questions of this dialogue: is virtue teachable? Socrates’ reason for doubting that virtue can be taught is that virtuous parents often have unvirtuous children. Socrates explains this argument by illustrating many examples in which this has been proven to be true. Pericles was a leading figure for Athens, a good and a virtuous citizen. However when Clinias (the brother to Alcibades) was placed into Pericles’ care in an attempt to separate him from negative influences, and to teach him how to be a good virtuous citizen of Athens, he was returned after six months in Pericles’ careShow MoreRelatedEssay about Morals and Ethics1134 Words   |  5 Pages Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, and Nietzsche all had their own ideas for which one could reach happiness in his/her life. All have similarities in there reasoning except Nietzshe, who contradicts the others entirely. Plato states that to understand virtue is happiness. In turn virtue suffices for happiness and is necessary. Also he intuits that human reasoning prevails over spirited element or a person?s appetite. Aristotle?s arguments relate with Plato, but he builds more to it and finds his ownRead MoreKant And Kant s Philosophy On Ethics970 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion. A dictionary describes ethics as-moral principles that govern a person s or group s behavior. Is there a universal ethical behavior ? Are all countries ethical ? Theses very same questions many philosophers have tried to figure through time from Socrates to Immanuel kant (and to this very day for the matter!). While comparing two great eathist Plato and Immanuel Kant I, the writer argue that Kant s ideological views on ethics were far superior to Plato’s due to several factors. For one KantRead MoreSocrates : The Suicide Of Socrates1405 Words   |  6 Pagesscience and into the abstract realm of ethics and morality. When Socrates teachings were being taught in school, they all taught some form of morality as their foundational tenet, no matter the differences of the schools. However people interpreted those teac hings, it was clear that Socrates main focus was on how to live a good and moral life. A quote that backed that up was an unexamined life is not worth living (Apology, 38b), which is said by Plato. It is argued that Socrates believed idealsRead MorePlato s Euthyphro And Apology893 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of wisdom. Though Plato was one of the earliest philosophers, the topic of wisdom is still debated by modern philosophers today, contemplating questions such as â€Å"What are the classifications of ‘wisdom’?† According to Plato’s two dialogues, the characteristics of wisdom have a strong correlation with the characteristics of â€Å"being a good person†. This concept highlights the values of virtue and selflessness and at the same time juxtapose views on virtue while taking into account the differentRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Theories Of Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe ancient theories of Plato and Aristotle differ greatly from the contemporary theories of Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. Plato and Aristotle focused on the importance of virtue in an individual’s life. Plato believed that purity of the soul was the most important thing in life and can be achieved by mastering the four virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, and moderation. Aristotle believed that the goal of human life was to achieve happiness, which is made possible by the cultivation of a justRead MoreSocrates And Aristotle s Life1491 Words   |  6 Pagesdepends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. The earliest accounts of human history chronicle the struggle for survival against all odds. It is therefore remarkable that roughly 2400 years ago the question of virtue was raised, let alone contemplated at great length, forming a foundation upon which Western philosophers build to the present day. Socrates and Aristotle were two key individuals credited for their roles in the advent of Classical philosophy. MenRead MoreEvaluating Historical Views of Leadership Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pages Evaluating Historical Views of Leadership March 9, 2014 University of Phoenix Evaluating Historical Views of Leadership This paper evaluates the leadership views of Plato, Aristotle, Lao-Tzu, and Machiavelli from the point of view of the modern military leader. The process of evaluation includes an examination of the commonalities and disparities between these views of leadership. The paper explores a definition of modern military leadership. The paper includes an assessment of theRead MoreAristotle on Happiness and Virtue Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant study on ethics, personal morality and virtues is ‘The Nicomachean Ethics’, which has been greatly influencing works of literature in ethics and heavily read for centuries, is believed to be written 2000 years ago. However, it still serves as an iconic work of literature for readers as it provides modern readers with new perspectives to known human behaviors and needs. In his writing, Aristotle insisted that there are no particular standard set for morality and that any ethical theory mustRead MoreDifferences Between Plato s And Kant1184 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences and similarities between Plato’s and Kant’s works. It is very apparent that both philosophers are speaking to the necessity of man developing personal ethics, but each thinker approaches this universal question using different principles. Plato uses Socrates’ dialogue to assess how one acquires wisdom through the acknowledgement of inherent ignorance. Kant evaluates the causes of people remaining in willful ignorance and the methods by which they can lift themselves out of such a state intoRead MoreAristotle And Marcus Cicero s Perceptions Of Virtue Ethics And The Development Of Economic Society1623 Words   |  7 PagesBut philosophers have always questioned the morality of how one conducts himself in society. In this essay, we will examine Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Marcus Cicero’s perceptions of what virtue ethics are, and how they facilitated the development of economic soc iety. Morality, distinctly defines what is right and what is wrong, but theory of virtue ethics is the mechanism an individual uses to make those moral decisions. Virtue is essentially having a good moral character

Enterococcus Free Essays

Enterococcus By Richard Guilford Enterococcus Enterococcus, or more appropriately enterococci, are a family of bacteria in the division firmicutes (meaning strong skin and referring to the cell wall) and the class bacilli (which refers to its rod like shape). They look just like streptococcus bacteria from physical characteristics alone. In fact, members of the genus Enterococcus were classified as Group D Streptococcus until 1984 when genomic DNA analysis showed that a separate genus classification would be appropriate. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterococcus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora (good bacteria) of humans and animals but are also important pathogens responsible for serious infections. They are considered gram-positive, meaning they stain dark blue or violet. They also mostly occur in pairs or short chains. Enterococci are facultative anaerobic organisms, meaning they can thrive in both oxygen rich and oxygen poor environments. They do not form spores as many bacteria do, meaning they do not have a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and survival for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless, they are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions: such as extreme temperature (10-45 °C), pH (4. 5-10. 0) and high sodium chloride concentration. In bodies of water, the acceptable level of contamination is very low, for example in the state of Hawaii, with among the strictest tolerances in the United States, the limit for water off its beaches is 7 colony-forming units per 100 ml of water. Anything above that, the state may post warnings to stay out of the ocean. In 2004, Enterococcus spp. took the place of fecal coliform as the new federal standard for water quality at public beaches. It is believed to provide a higher correlation than fecal coliform with many of the human pathogens often found in city sewage (eww right? ). There are many strains of enterococcus. Important clinical infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections, bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, and meningitis. Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin and vancomycin, two well known and often used antibiotics. An important feature of enterococcus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance, meaning its inherent ability to ithstand some of the more common antibiotics. Some enterococci are intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam-based antibiotics (those include some penicillins and virtually all cephalosporins) as well as many aminoglycosides (an amino-sugar that can sometimes function as an antibiotic). In the last two decades, particularly virulent strains of enterococcus that are resistant to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistant E nterococcus, or VRE) have emerged in nosocomial (infections caught in hospitals while care is being given) infections of hospitalized patients especially in the US. Other developed countries such as the UK have been spared this epidemic, and, in 2005, Singapore managed to halt an epidemic of VRE. VRE may be treated with quinupristin/dalfopristin (a special antibiotic developed to fight VRE) or Synercid with response rates of approximately 70%. Enterococcus avium is a species that is most commonly found in birds. Rarely, it is also a cause of infection in humans, and in such cases, may be vancomycin-reistant. It is referred to as VREA. VREA cases in humans have been successfully treated with linezolid (a synthetic antibiotic). Enterococcus durans and enterococcus faecalis are very similar. They are often mistaken for one another in determining infections. They inhabit the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. It is among the main parts of some probiotic food supplements. Like other species in the genus enterococcus, E. faecalis can cause life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial environment. The naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance found in E. faecalis contribute to its ability to infect. E. faecalis has been frequently found in root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases. Root canal-treated teeth are about nine times more likely to have E. faecalis than cases of primary infections. Enterococcus faecium is an alpha hemolitic or nonhemolitic, bacterium. It is used as a probiotic in animals. It can be commensal (a harmlessly coexisting organism) in the human intestine, but it may also be pathogenic, causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis. Enterococcal meningitis is also a rare complication of neurosurgery. It often requires treatment with IV or intrathecal (something introduced into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord) vancomycin, yet it is uncertain whether its use has any impact on outcome. The removal of any neurological devices is an important part of the management of these infections. Enterococcus solitarius and Enterococcus gallinarum are two more species of enterococcus. The genus Enterococcus includes more than 17 species, but only a few cause clinical infections in humans. Infection control programs were created three decades ago to control antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections, but there has been little evidence of control in most facilities. After long, steady increases of MRSA and VRE infections in hospitals, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Board of Directors made reducing antibiotic-resistant infections a strategic SHEA goal in January 2000. After 2 more years without improvement, a SHEA task force was appointed to draft an evidence-based guideline on preventing nosocomial transmission of pathogens, focusing on the two considered most out of control: MRSA and VRE. Medline searches were conducted spanning 1966 to 2002. Many interpretations of unpublished studies providing sufficient data were included. Frequent antibiotics in healthcare settings provided a small advantage for resistant strands, but patients with MRSA or VRE usually acquire it through spread. The CDC has long-recommended contact precautions for patients colonized or infected with these pathogens. Most facilities have required this as policy, but have not actively identified infected patients with surveillance cultures (lab tests performed to determine possible abnormalities or infection) and tests, leaving most infected patients undetected and not isolated. Many studies have shown control of endemic (exclusively native to a place) and/or epidemic (everywhere) MRSA and VRE infections using surveillance cultures and contact precautions. Active surveillance cultures are essential to identify the infected to prevent spread of MRSA and VRE infections and make control possible using the CDC’s long-recommended contact precautions. Testing for enterococci can be tricky. Enterococci have been recognized to be of fecal origin since the beginning of this century. The usual ecological home for the Enterococcus species is the intestines of humans and other animals. However, enterococci are ubiquitous (present everywhere) and can be found free-living in soil, on plants, or in dairy products. Enterococcus comprises gram-positive cocci that are catalase (a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen) negative, usually facultative anaerobic acteria. There is clear evidence of the genotypic (concerning the genetic makeup) identity of Enterococcus, based on molecular studies. Enterococci have also been related to human diseases, becoming established as major nosocomial pathogens. The isolation of strains resistant to many antibiotics has become important in public health concerns. In addition, Enter ococcus and Streptococcus have been proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in water because of their high abundance in feces and their long survival in the environment. Although the ratio of fecal coliforms to fecal streptococci has been ruled out as an indicator, the identi? cation of species associated with a given environment or host might provide additional information about the origin and the source of fecal contamination. The ability of enterococci to grow under particular conditions is widely used in their selective identification. This characteristic allows the detection and enumeration of enterococci with a selective medium (template used to grow bacteria) M-enterococcus agar or KF streptococcus agar, and by using bile-esculin-azide agar (another medium) as a further test for con? mation. Although this approach can distinguish Enterococci from other bacterial species, some may be identi? ed wrongly. The use of these media can hurt either selectivity (choices of bacteria found) or productivity (ability for bacteria to grow). Even though this approach was to identify enterococci species, it is unsuitable for the detection of certain enterococ ci species because they do not grow on these media. In addition, other bacterial species such as Streptococcus are able to grow on the media, presenting results similar to those of Enterococci. Enterococci are diverse and enigmatic. There are many strains and many complications that can arise from them. They are both harmless and deadly, useful and destructive. They can be used to aid digestion, or feared in a hospital setting. They are indeed a medical paradox. With continued study, we hope to learn from and understand these bacteria if not to aid us in our expansion of knowledge, then to rid us of a potentially critical threat in our hospital settings. Gilmore MS, (2002). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. Fisher K, Phillips C (June 2009). â€Å"The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus†. Jin G, Jeng HW, Bradford H, Englande AJ (2004). â€Å"Comparison of E. coli, enterococci, and fecal coliform as indicators for brackish water quality assessment†. Carlene A. Muto, MD, MS; John A. Jernigan, MD, MS; Belinda E. Ostrowsky, MD, MPH; Herve M. Richet, MD; William R. Jarvis, MD; John M. Boyce, MD; Barry M. Farr, MD, MSc (May 2003). â€Å"SHEA Guideline for Preventing Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus† How to cite Enterococcus, Papers

Positive Accounting Attains a Wider Platform †Free samples

Questions: What Is The Rationale Behind The Actions Of The Auditors For Performing The Accounting Operations? What Do The Auditors Charge Variable Fees? Why Is There Biasness In Terms Of Completing Audit In The Cases? Answers: Introduction Positive accounting attains a wider platform in this research. Key highlights of the positive accounting, covered in this research is the relationships within the human behavior. The utilization of the statistics and hypothetical testing methods smoothens out the complex nodes within the behavioral conduct (Freeman et al. 2014). The epistemological ontology of the program is so advanced that it covers even the deficiencies of the methods. Typical example in this direction is the casualty in the constructions of the theoretical models for testing. Along with this, insufficiency in the replication of warranty confidence is also highlighted in this research. This replication plays an important role in protecting the potential loopholes in the accepted findings. The need for this application initiates due to the lack of interest expressed by the personnel in obtaining the numerical reading of the accounts (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). This is an enhancement in the parameter of accounts. The major highlight of the research is the excavation of drawbacks, which contradicts the completeness in the findings. Viewing it from other perspective, it also leads to the achievement of findings, which does not assist the personnel to achieve stability in the accounting activities. Suggestion of relevant recommendations makes this paper more special for the companies and organizations. Apart from this, ways have been sought out in this research to add positivity in the financial activities in its full potential. Moreover, the focus of this research paper is on the prosperity of accounts in the future (Boone et al. 2017). Summary of the article The speculation of the usual conventions regarding the human behavior sets the ground for this research. Delving deep into the article results in the excavation of the fact that various religious beliefs and scientific judgments compel humans to expose certain behavior in response to the situations and circumstances that they encounter. In view of these findings, it can be said that same human being displays different behavioral conduct in two similar situations. Placement of focus on this particular point enhances the standard of the research paper. This enhancement adds positivity to the subject matter of the research. Within this, an important component is the variation, which depends on the humans and their surrounding circumstances (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Review of other research in this regard has stated the fact that 80% of the human behavior consists of rational application. Technicality and automation in the accounting operations has reduced the interactions between humans. The net result of this is the addition of orientation within the business procedures. One of the major concerns in this direction is the difficulty in assessing the human behavior, due to the increased dependence upon the machines. Reliance upon the machines to such an extent attaches the attribute of obscurity in the peculiar behaviors exposed by the humans. The epistemological ontology reflects the ways and means in which positive research is conducted in the accounts operations (Bublitz, Philipich and Blatz 2015). Provision of in-depth insight in this direction acts as a limitation in terms of enhancing the knowledge about the societal contributions of positive research accounting. This paper projects the widespread utilization of positive accounting research, which is something beyond solving the complex puzzles. This action detaches the companies and organizations from achieving betterment in the financial activities. The recurrence of the instabilities every now and then necessitates the need for efficient and flexible software, which automatically does the accounting operations (Ridley and Bull 2015). This research paper acts as a secondary source of information for the future generations. This future scope possesses flexibility to add efficiency in the current futile practice versions of the research. Herein, lays the effectiveness of the recommendations, which teaches the personnel to cope up with the potential challenges that come across their ways. Owing to the inability to make effective contributions, the terms outdated, orthodox seem appropriate for the research. Envisioning the filtering of positive accounts, by the policy makers, result in the framing of better plans, in terms of financial stability. The platform of positive research is widespread, which is beyond the theoretical framework. The major drive behind this is the accompaniment of standards, rules and regulations proposed by the policy makers (Vernimmen et al. 2014). Within the environment of the positive amounting research, the other elements are pricing and reporting decisions undertaken by the auditors along with the expert opinions of the academicians. However, the theories selected for this purpose cannot be placed on a high pedestal. Taking a cue from the statistical projection of 80% rationality in the human behavior, assumptions can be made that 20% fail to expose rationalistic approach in terms of the events that are taking place in their surroundings. This 20% people are exception to the statistics (Bublitz, Philipich and Blatz 2015). This exception acts as an answer to the managerial tendency regarding error of judgment in spite of the considering the feedbacks to identify and specify the major drawbacks. In view of these findings, linkages can be established between positive accounting theory and contractual value of the firm. Countering this, pressurization of the contractual views aggravates the complexities of the personnel in terms of executing the accounting policies. This is due to the lack of following the policies and methods laid out. In spite of strong criticisms, conservation practices have projected noticeable differences (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). The main purpose of these in-depth illustrations is to prove the widespread nature and broader perspective of the positive accounting theory. This wideness adds positivity in the research in spite of an absence of rationality in the parameter of human psychology. In view of this categorization, positive tone can be attached to this research paper. The utilization of hypothetical and statistical methods for assessment of rationality in the human behavior have been in vain. Owing to the dependence on the dependence on hypothesis, the reality the achievement of positive results seemed a distant hope. Moreover, selection and analysis of the data collection and analysis broadened the gap between the real and the anticipated outcomes (Boone et al. 2017). Delving deep into the issue, hypothesis limits the scope of the research within the parameter of one variable. This contradicts the inner purpose of a research, which is to establish linkages between the two variables. This proves true even for the current research, the aim of which is to connect the accounting operations and the human behavior on the grounds of rationality. These shortcomings shift the focus of the research paper towards the framing of effective and flexible theories and models, which would prove beneficial in testing the presence of rationality within the human behavior. This necessitates the need for framing alternative methods for achievement of better results (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Establishment of measurable concepts is an advancement of the analysis from the initial level to the testing level. Maintenance of consistency in the search for alternative methods of testing shifts the focus of the research from the interrogative parameter towards the certainty in the achievement of guaranteed results. This consistency paves new avenues for advanced research in the field of accounts. Establishment of accuracy in the accounts would add positivity in the research. Presence of predicting facilities in the testing machines would help the personnel to achieve growth in the financial parameter (Freeman et al. 2014) All these points reflects the gradual advancement of the research from the rationale behind the current predicament of the accounting operations to the ways and means in which benefits can be achieved by the personnel of the accounts departments. The negative and the positive hypothesis addresses these questions after a thorough testing of the proposed assumptions (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer, 2014). Apart from this, there are several other questions, which needs the assistance of the other methods for the achievement of effective resolutions. The main purpose of the hypothesis is to bring out the reality behind the null hypothesis. The samples selected for testing is the main ground for projecting the reality behind the hypothesis. The techniques used for selecting the samples play an important role in a research. High intensity of improper specification leads to Type 1 error. As a matter of specification, the major drive behind this error is the lack of assessment in terms of its validity and relevance to the requirements specified by the auditors (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Herein, the importance of the sampling technique gets diminished. The results obtained by the identification of the hypothesis is not the real outcome, which compels the individuals to question the achieved outcomes. In view of all these facts, it can be concluded that hypothesis would aggravate the complexities of the auditors in terms of the accounting research. The literature review of the paper assesses the efficiency in the quantitative and qualitative tests through the means of appropriate methods. Determination is crucial in this direction for the achievement of concrete answers (Bublitz, Philipich and Blatz 2015). Along with this, arguments of the critiques occupy an important place in this research regarding the success of the theories. Theoretical framework The success of the accounting profession depends on the effective adherence to the standards and norms of the regulatory framework. Within this, there are other elements such as the taxation, and statutory guidelines. Violation of these standards is accounted as punishable in the eyes of law. As per the current functionalities of the accounting operations, the auditors abided by these standards, which reflects uniformity in the business operations (Ridley and Bull 2015). Exposure of conscious attitude in this direction mitigates the chances of errors within the accounting operations. Inspections are carried out for auditing purposes. Therefore, there is a need for further study in this direction, which provides an in-depth insight into these concepts. Auditors are human beings and this focus the subject matter of the research on the rationalistic independence. Delving deep into the issue, the humans are exempted from enjoying real independence. This is owing to the presence of biasness and prejudice in terms of the homogenization of the humans in terms of bearing same predicament. This biasness adversely influences the thought process of the individuals in terms of performing the basic actions (Vernimmen et al. 2014). In this basis, the aim of the theoretical framework is to speculate and review the methods used for analyzing the behaviors. This study is important in terms of creating a proper framework for averting any kind of discrepancies within the outcomes. Hypothesis is considered as a representation of the selected samples from the total population. For proving the reality, different alternatives at hand needs to be enlisted and evaluated for averting the misinterpretations within the accounts (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Significance and limitations of the article The strength of the article is that the detection of the loopholes opens new avenues in terms of the current position of the accounting operations (Zhou 2015). Even though it is not effective at the current stage, the theoretical framework possess flexibility to upgrade the standards of the accounting procedures. Motive to conduct further research on this topic uplifts the quality of the accounts in every business. Taking into consideration different viewpoints helps the researchers to deduce conclusions regarding the rationalistic behaviors exposed by the humans. This speculation enhances the judgmental quality of the researchers (Bublitz, Philipich and Blatz 2015). Limitations of the article is projected through the focus on the critique. Provision of many other recommendations with examples would have made it easier for the common people to grasp the subject matter of the research. This would have made the research paper more meaningful. Along with this, the research states that the theories on rationalistic behavior of the humans are true. However, delving deep into the issue, there have been transformations in the propositions of the theories, which questions the reality of these theories. Along with this, most of the theories used lacks proper testing, which raises doubts upon their existence and usage (Freeman et al. 2017). Utilization of statistics would have proved beneficial in terms of the effective utilization of the accounting operations, however, it is prone to misinterpretations as there are variations in case of the samples. Within this, consideration of the sampling is an essential issue. One wrong step in this direction would put the nationality of the whole population at stake (Ridley and Bull 2015). Conclusion The conclusions drawn from this research is distant from the identified and the specified objectives. However, application of the theoretical assumptions and intention of further research would help the personnel to detect the errors in the accounting operations and emerge successful in attaining stability in the financial parameter. References Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Boone, J.P., Khurana, I.K., Raman, K.K., Chen, L.H., Chung, H.H.S., Peters, G.F., Wynn, J.P.J., Chen, Y., Knechel, W.R., Marisetty, V.B. and Truong, C., 2017. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory A Publication of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Bublitz, B., Philipich, K. and Blatz, R., 2015. An Example of the Use of Research Methods and Findings as an Experiential Learning Exercise in an Accounting Theory Course.Journal of Instructional Pedagogies,16. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: Theory and practice.JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Ridley-Duff, R. and Bull, M., 2015.Understanding social enterprise: Theory and practice. Sage. Vernimmen, P., Quiry, P., Dallocchio, M., Le Fur, Y. and Salvi, A., 2014.Corporate finance: theory and practice. John Wiley Sons. Zhou, Y., 2015. Research on the System for Government Accounting Information Quality Based on Information Transparency.Journal of Accounting and Economics,3, p.

Add Math Essay 2 Essay Example

Add Math Essay 2 Essay Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 Written By : Nurul Hazira Syaza Abas I/C : 940602-01-6676 Angka Giliran : School : SMK Kangkar Pulai Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve Numb| Title| Page| 1| Acknowledge| 1| 2| Objective| 2| 3| Introduction Part I| 3| 4| Mathematics In Cake Baking And Cake Decorating| 4 5| 5| Part II| 6 14| 6| Part III| 15 17| 7| Further Exploration| 18 21| 8| Reflection| 22 23| 9| Conclusion| 24| 10| Reference| 25| Table. of. Content Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve Acknowledge First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this project work. Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank my teacher, Puan Andek for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but he taught us patiently until we knew what to do. He tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work. Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 1 Objective The aims of carrying out this project work are: * To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems * To improve thinking skills * To promote effective mathematical communication To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases students’ interest and confidence * To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely * To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning * To develop positive attitude towards mathematics Copyright 2011  ©. H azira Syaza, All Right Reserve 2 Introduction Part 1 Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and others. Cakes are treasured not only because of their onderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating Baking a cake offers a tasty way to practice math skills, such as fractions and ratios, in a real-world context. Many steps of baking a cake, such as counting ingredients and setting the oven timer, provide basic math practice for young children. Older children and teenagers can use more sophisticated math to solve baking dilemmas, such as how to make a cake recipe larger or smaller or how to determine what size slices you should cut. Practicing math while baking not only improves your math skills, it helps you become a more flexible and resourceful baker. We will write a custom essay sample on Add Math Essay 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Add Math Essay 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Add Math Essay 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 3 MATHEMATICS IN CAKE BAKING AND CAKE DECORATING GEOMETRY To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced When making a batch of cake batter, you end up with a certain volume, determined by the recipe. The baker must then choose the appropriate size and shape of pan to achieve the desired result. If the pan is too big, the cake becomes too short. If the pan is too small, the cake becomes too tall. This leads into the next situation. The ratio of the surface area to the volume determines how much crust a baked good will have. The more surface area there is, compared to the volume, the faster the item will bake, and the less inside there will be. For a very large, thick item, it will take a long time for the heat to penetrate to the center. To avoid having a rock-hard outside in this case, the baker will have to lower the temperature a little bit and bake for a longer time. We mix ingredients in round bowls because cubes would have corners where unmixed ingredients would accumulate, and we would have a hard time scraping them into the batter. Calculus (DIFFERENTIATION) To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. Size of cake produced. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 4 PROGRESSION To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration. For example when we make a cake with many layers, we must fix the difference of diameter of the two layers. So we can say that it used arithmetic progression. When the diameter of the first layer of the cake is 8? nd the diameter of second layer of the cake is 6? , then the diameter of the third layer should be 4?. In this case, we use arithmetic progression where the difference of the diameter is constant that is 2. When the diameter decreases, the weight also decreases. That is the way how the cake is balance to prevent it from smooch. We can also use ratio, because when we prepare the ingredient for each layer of the cake, we need to decrease its ratio from lower layer to upper layer. When we cut the cake, we can use fraction to devide the cake according to the total people that will eat the cake. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 5 Part 11 Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers’ Day celebration. 1) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 38000cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7. 0 cm, the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school 3800 is Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3. 142)( d/2)? x 7 1900/7 (3. 142) = ( d/2)? 863. 872 = (d/2 )? d/2 = 29. 392 d d = 58. 784 cm Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 2) The inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height a) The formula that formed for d in terms of h by using the formula for volume of cake, V = 19000 is: 19000 = (3. 142)(d/2)(d/2)   ? h 1900/(3. 142)2 = d   ? /4 24188. 415/h = d   ? d = 155. 53/ h Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 7 Height,h| Diameter,d| 1. 0| 155. 53| 2. 0| 109. 98| 3. 0| 89. 79| 4. 0| 77. 76| 5. 0| 69. 55| 6. 0| 63. 49| 7. 0| 58. 78| 8. 0| 54. 99| 9. 0| 51. 84| 10. 0| 49. 18| Table 1 b) i) h 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. b) ii) The most suitable dimensions (h and d) for the cake is h = 8cm, d = 54. 99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling. c) i) The same formula in 2(a) is used, that is 19000 = (3. 142)( )? h. The same process is also used, that is, make d the subject. An equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph: Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 8 1900= (3. 1420(d/2)   ? h 119000/(3. 142)h = d   ? /4 24188. 415/h = d   ? d = 155. 53/ vh d = 155. 53h(1-/? ) log d = log 155. 3h(-1/? ) log d = (-1/? )log h + log 155. 53 Table of log d = (-1/? )log h + log 155. 53 Height,h| Diameter,d| Log h| Log d| 1. 0| 155. 53| 0. 00| 2. 19| 2. 0| 109. 98| 0. 30| 2. 04| 3. 0| 89. 79| 0. 48| 1. 95| 4. 0| 77. 76| 0. 60| 1. 89| 5. 0| 69. 55| 0. 70| 1. 84| 6. 0| 63. 49| 0. 78| 1. 80| 7. 0| 58. 78| 0. 85| 1. 77| 8. 0| 54. 99| 0. 90| 1. 74| 9. 0| 51. 84| 0. 95| 1. 71| 10. 0| 49. 18| 1. 0| 1. 69| Table 2 Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 9 Graph of log d against log h Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 10 ii) Based on the graph: a) d when h = 10. 5cm h = 10. 5cm, log h = 1. 21, log d = 1. 680, d = 47. 86cm b) h when d = 42cm d = 42cm, log d = 1. 623, log h = 1. 140, h = 13. 80cm 3) The cake with fresh cream, with uniform thickness 1cm is decorated a) The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake, using the dimensions Ive suggested in 2(b)(ii) My answer in 2(b)(ii) ==; h = 8cm, d = 54. 99cm Amount of fresh cream = volume of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = volume of cream at the top surface + volume of cream at the side surface The bottom surface area of cake is not counted, because were decorating the visible part of the cake only (top and sides). Obviously, we dont decorate the bottom part of the cake Volume of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3. 142)(54. 99/2) ? )x 1 = 2375 cm? Volume of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3. 142)( 54. 99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382. 23 cm? Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382. 23 = 3757. 23 cm? Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 11 c) Three other shapes (the shape of the base of the cake) for the cake with same height which is depends on the 2(b)(ii) and volume 19000cm? The volume of top surface is always the same for all shapes (since height is same), My answer (with h = 8cm, and volume of cream on top surface =1900/8 = 2375 cm? ) 19000 = base area x height base area = 1900/8 length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47. 5 (length = 50, width = 47. 5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left and right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front and back side surface)(Height of cream) + volume of top surface = 2(50 x 8)(1) + 2(47. 5 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 3935 cm? Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 12 Triangle-shaped base 19000 = base area x height base area = 1900/8 base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = v (95? + 25? )= 98. 23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Volume of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98. 23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346. 68 cm? Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 13 3 – Pentagon Shaped Base 19000 = base area x height ase area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(19 x 8) + 2375 = 3135 cm? c) Based on the values above, the shape that require the least amount of fresh cream to be used is: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm? of cream to be used. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 14 Part III When theres minimum? or maximum? well, theres differentiation and quadratic functions. The minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum diameter, d is calculated by using the differentiation and function. Method 1: Differentiation Two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in 2(a)), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in 3(a)). 19000 = (3. 142)r? h (1) V = (3. 142)r? + 2(3. 142)rh (2) From (1): h =19000/(3. 142)r? (3) Sub. (3)into (2): V=(3. 142)r? +2(3. 142)r(19000/(3. 142)r? ) V=(3. 142)r? +(38000/r) V=(3. 142)r? +38000r-1 (dV/dr)=2(3. 142)r-(38000/r? ) 0=2(3. 142)r-(38000/r? minimun value therefore dv/dr=0 38000/r? =2(3. 142)r 38000/2(3. 142)=r^3 6047. 104=r^3 R=18. 22 Sub. r = 18. 22 into (3) H=19000/(3. 142)(18. 22) Therefore,h = 18. 22cm,d=2r=2(18. 22)=36. 44cm Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 15 Method 2 : Quadratic Functions Two same equations as in Method 1,but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic functions. Let f(r)=volume of cream,r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3. 142)r ? h (1) F(r)=(3. 142)r ? +2(3. 142)hr (2) From (2): F(r) = (3. 142)(r ? +2hr) factorize (3. 142) = (3. 142)[(r+2h/2) ? (2h/2) ? ] completing square,with a =(3. 142),b=2h and c=0 = (3. 142)[(r+h) ? -h ? ] = (3. 142)(r+h) ? -(3. 142)h ? (a=(3. 142)(positive indicates min. value),min. value = f(r)=-(3. 142)h ? ,corresponding value of x = r = -h) Sub. r =-h into (1): 19000=(3. 142)(h) ? h h^3=6047. 104 h=18. 22 Sub. h=188. 22 into (1) 19000=(3. 142)r ? (18. 22) r ? =331. 894 r=18. 22) therefore,h=18. 22cm,d=2r=2(18. 22)=36. 44cm Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 16 I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 17 Futher Exploration Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 18 Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6. 0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31. 0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. Given: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm adius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27. 9, 25. 11, 22. 599,†¦ a = 31, r = 9/10 V = (3. 142)r? h, a) By using the formula for volume V = (3. 142)r? h, with h = 6 to get the volume of cakes. Volume of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cakes: Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 19 Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1s t cake = (3. 142)(31)? (6) = 18116. 772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27. 9, 9, volume of 2nd cake = (3. 142)(27. 9)? (6) 14674. 585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25. 11, Radius of 4th cake = 22. 59 volume of 3rd cake = (3. 42)(25. 11)? (6) 11886. 414 , volume of 4th cake = (3. 142)(22. 599)? (6) 9627. 995 The volumes form number pattern: 18116. 772, 14674. 585, 11886. 414, 9627. 995,†¦ (it is a geometric progression with first term, a = 18116. 772 and ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = †¦ = 0. 81) b) The total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg ( total mass ; 15 kg, change to volume: total volume ; 57000 cm? ), so the maximum number of cakes that needs to be baked is Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 20 Sn =(a(1-rn))/(1-r) Sn = 57000, a = 18116. 772 and r = 0. 81 57000 =(18116. 22(1-(0. 81)n))/(1-0. 81) 1 0. 81n = 0. 59779 0. 40221 = 0. 81n og0. 81 0. 40221 = n n=log0. 40221/log0. 81 n = 4. 322 therefore, n ~ 4 Verifying the answer: When n = 5: S5 = (18116. 772(1 ( 0. 81)5)) / (1 0. 81) = 62104. 443 ; 57000 (Sn ; 57000, n = 5 is not suitable) When n = 4: S4 = (18116. 772(1- (0. 81)4)) / (1 -0. 81) = 54305. 767 ; 57000 (Sn ; 57000, n = 4 is suitable) Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 21 Reflection Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 22 TEAM IS IMPORTANT! BE HELPFUL ALWAYS READY TO LEARN NEW THINGS BE A HARDWORKING STUDENT Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 23 CONCLUSION * Geometry is the study of angles and triangles, perimeter, area and volume. It differs from algebra in that one develops a logical structure where mathematical relationships are proved and applied. * An arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant * A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying he previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio * Differentiation is essentially the process of finding an equation which will give you the gradient (slope, rise over run, etc. ) at any point along the curve. Say you have y = x^2. The equation y = 2x will give you the gradient of y at any point along that curve. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 24 REFERENC E * Wikipedia * http://www. one-school. net/ * Additional Mathematics text book form 4 and form 5 Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 25

Platos Poesis In Republic Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato

Plato's Poesis In Republic Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato Plato's Poesis In Republic Plato's three main objections to poetry are that poetry is not ethical, philosophical or pragmatic. It is not ethical because it promotes undesirable passions, it is not philosophical because it does not provide true knowledge, and it is not pragmatic because it is inferior to the practical arts and therefore has no educational value. Plato then makes a challenge to poets to defend themselves against his criticisms. Ironically it was Plato's most famous student, Aristotle, who was the first theorist to defend literature and poetry in his writing Poetics. Throughout the Republic Plato condemns art in all forms including literature or poetry. Despite the fact that he wrote, Plato advocates the spoken word over the written word. He ranks imitation (mimetic representation) on a lower plane than narrative, even though his own works read like scripts (the Republic is written in dialogue form with characters doing all the talking). It appears as though his reasoning is that imitation of reality is not in itself bad, but imitation without understanding and reason is. Plato felt that poetry, like all forms of art, appeals to the inferior part of the soul, the irrational, emotional cowardly part. The reader of poetry is seduced into feeling undesirable emotions. To Plato, an appreciation of poetry is incompatible with an appreciation of reason, justice, and the search for Truth. To him drama is the most dangerous form of literature because the author is imitating things that he/she is not. Plato seemingly feels that no words are strong enough to condemn drama. Plato felt that all the world's evils derived from one source: a faulty understanding of reality. Miscommunication, confusion and ignorance were facets of a corrupted comprehension of what Plato always strived for - Truth. Plato is, above all, a moralist. His primary objective in the Republic is to come up with the most righteous, intelligent way to live one's life and to convince others to live this way. Everything else should conform in order to achieve this perfect State. Plato considers poetry useful only as a means of achieving this State, that is, only useful if it helps one to become a better person, and if it does not, it should be expelled from the community. Plato's question in Book X is the intellectual status of literature. He states that, the good poet cannot compose well unless he knows his subject, and he who has not this knowledge can never be a poet(Adams 33). Plato says of imitative poetry and Homer, A man is not to be reverenced more than the truth (Adams 31). Plato says this because he believes that Homer speaks of many things of which he has no knowledge, just as the painter who paints a picture of a bed does not necessarily know how to make a bed. His point is that in order to copy or imitate correctly, one must have knowledge of the original. Plato says that imitation is three degrees removed from the truth. Stories that are untrue have no value, as no untrue story should be told in the City. He states that nothing can be learned from imitative poetry. Plato's commentary on poetry in Republic is overwhelmingly negative. In books II and III Plato's main concern about poetry is that children's minds are too impressionable to be reading false tales and misrepresentations of the truth. As stated in book II, For a young person cannot judge what is allegorical and what is literal; anything that he receives into his mind at that age is likely to become indelible and unalterable; and therefore it is most important that the tales which the young first hear should be models of virtuous thought (Adams 19). He is essentially saying that children cannot tell the difference between fiction and reality and this compromises their ability to discern right from wrong. Thus, children should not be exposed to poetry so that later in life they will be able to seek the Truth without having a preconceived, or misrepresented, view of reality. Plato reasons that literature that portrays the gods as behaving in immoral ways should be kept away from children , so that they will not be influenced to act the same way.

Have race relations changed among different races today Essay

Have race relations changed among different races today - Essay Example e higher among minority groups when compared to Caucasians, but these groups have been shown to earn much less than what their Caucasian counterparts earn. There tends to be very little likelihood of either African American or Latino men to be given employment as managers or as professionals and they are more likely to only get jobs, which involve labor. This also applies to women from minorities who have to work much harder and for lesser pay than their counterparts do in order to get positions of authority (Phelan, 376). While there are still instances of discrimination, there have been changes in the racial relations between the different races in the United States today. This can be seen through the increasing levels of intermarriage as well as the formation of strong friendships between them. It can therefore be said that despite the fact that the racial relations in the United States still have a long way to go before they are equal, there have been enough changes to put this process on the right

Modern Sculpture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Modern Sculpture - Essay Example These two notions are really very important for those who are going to comprehend the idea of art and the message of its authors. That is why space and time cannot be separated when one is going to analyze sculpture. The author of Passages in Modern Sculpture gives the analysis of several celebrated sculptures to demonstrate the development of art. It is also possible to find the information about the characteristics of neoclassical sculpture. Wanting to transcend the partial information that any single aspect or figure can convey, the neoclassical sculptor devises strategies to present the human body through multiple views. As for classicism, here the transcendence of the single point of view was often explicitly dealt with by using figures in pairs and threes. So, the writing contains many details about the history and peculiarities of art. It explains the difference between various centuries in art. For instance, throughout the nineteenth century, sculptors continually tried to provide the viewer about the information of unseen sides of all objects imbedded within the relief ground. The text is very useful for those whose study art. However, it would be better if the writer demonstrated the c onnection between modern sculptures and the ones from the

Energy Drink Study (will give case study info) Essay

Energy Drink Study (will give case study info) - Essay Example In the beverages industry, marketing is an essential undertaking. Each firm tries as much as possible to create product awareness, study consumers’ buying behaviors, and subsequently offer a competitive product in terms of quality and prices. Market demands vary across different consumers. In this regard, different products are offered by the different players in the beverage industry. Energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages have persistently become a central component of the beverage industry (Gamble 81). Carbonated soft drinks and fruit juices have had to deal with the stiff competition that has been realized with the production of alternative beverages. Firms that produce carbonated soft drinks and fruit juices have had to turn to the production of alternative beverages as competition in the industry exacerbates. Consumption of energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced drinks have significantly increased, leading to reduced consumption of carbonated soft drinks and related products. Major players in the beverage industry like Pepsi, Coca-Cola, and Red Bull among others have pursued creativity, innovativeness, and technological advancement in the pursuit of producing alternative beverages that are highly demanded, thus fetching huge revenues for these firms (Rhum 150). The alternative beverages have become quite lucrative, in many instances outperforming carbonated drinks and related products. A company like Coca-Cola that primarily dealt with carbonated drinks has also engaged in the production of alternative beverages due to the high price premiums and profitability associated with alternative beverages. With the competitive trend in the industry, marketing has had to be informed by responsible marketing practices. Pepsi, Coca-Cola, and Red Bull among others have dominated this business, resulting in stiff competition for a worldwide market share. Fair competition has

Intelligence Led Policing: Ethical Issues

Intelligence Led Policing: Ethical Issues The second important report by Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary set out the main elements of intelligence led policing and crime reduction Policing With Intelligence (HMIC, 1997). Both report accepted the use of intelligence led policing tactics in crime reduction of high volume crimes such as vehicle theft and burglary which so far had only been used in tackling serious crime. The use of information technology was seen as the major vehicle and conduit for managing the increased information generated as a result of a change in policy to intelligence led policing. The increasing fear in the community about crime and the fear of crime, coupled with a loss of confidence in the police, fuelled a drive towards an increase in private security arrangements. This move is seen in the growth of private security companies both residential and in shopping centres, initiated by both private citizens, commercial premises owners and insurance companies. The desire and practice of amassing information resulted as part of the increase in the risk society (Maguire, 2000), but increased information and data does not necessarily lead to crime reduction. Although the police may benefit from access to huge amounts of statistical data, some academics have suggested that the impetus for this has in fact emanated from other external institutions such as health, insurance and education establishments (Ericson and Haggerty, 1997). The data processed by the police has been used by these establishments for their own risk assessment purposes rather than being used for crime reduction purposes. The recent requirement for the police service to produce annual and other reports and publishing key performance indicators which required statistical returns was another fundamental reason for the computerisation of criminal records. In fact some commentators argue that the computer systems are barely used in the fight against crime reduction (Ratcliffe and McCullalgh, 1998). The unease which the police feel about the drive towards intelligence-led policing is set out in a report on Merseyside Police (Barton Evans, 2001). This research was undertaken over a twelve month period from April 1996 to April 1997. It uncovered that an intelligence-led approach was adopted for all key service areas and not just crime with an emphasis on the importance of circulating intelligence and focusing on the role of intelligence-led crime prevention strategies. The implementation of the new policy was achieved by the introduction of crime management units, force intelligence systems and a force intelligence bureau. In evaluating the new systems, the researchers were hindered because statistical data standardised across areas was not available. However based on a mixture of observation and talking to various officers, the researchers concluded that some areas of the process worked well whilst others displayed shortcomings. The obstacles to the new policy lay in different officers comprehension of proactivity with only limited training offered; no distinction between information and intelligence; no consistency of tasking meetings whose purpose was to increase intelligence gathering in each area; the diverting of officers onto reactive investigations. - The use of informers is seen as particularly valuable in crime investigation strategies. In a publication issued ten years ago the Audit Commission stated that informants are the life blood of CIA and have been vocal in calling for their increased use in the fight against crime (Giddens, 2004). Informants have been in use by the British police for many years and is sometimes referred to as the second oldest profession The use of informers is fraught with complex connotations particularly around the integrity of the information received from them in the light of their motivation. An increase in intelligence-led policing has led to the traditional police-informer relationship being modernised and put on a professional footing. The modern term for engaging with informants is human source capability whereby the police can capture and utilise the knowledge and skill of those persons in society who have access to the criminal element within the community via an organised and structured HSC framework. It has been argued that there has been a dearth in the use of informants outside the sphere of organised crime (Innes, 2000). With the advent of intelligence-led policing the police-informer relationship has moved to a more sophisticated professional and ethical system in respect of both recruitment and management of sources. The introduction in the UK of specific source handling units and HSM units in certain police areas have advanced a more professional approach to intelligence gathering. The relationship between police and sources remains a highly controversial area of law enforcement. In particular when participant informers are encouraged to commit crime due to their particular relationship with the police, major concern is expressed (Billingsley) A participant informer is one who is permitted to carry on committing a crime so that the police can identify those main participants involved in organising the criminal activity. Research shows that some police officers have a tendency to rely very heavily on informants and to condone various criminal acts undertaken by some of their sources. If the use of informants becomes prolific it undermines the whole criminal investigation process as it is shrouded in secrecy, and intrigue and somewhat lacking in legitimacy itself, undermining the precept of transparency and openess within the police service and compromising the adage that justice must be seen to be done. Additionally some relationships between officers and their sources are seen as unhealthy involving the controlling of sources by selective distribution of information by police officers handling the informants. (Cooper and Murphy, 20). The potential harm to police legitimacy given the ethical difficulties posed by the police/informer relationship has been highlighted by several commentators, (Dunningham and Norris, 1999). Dealing with informants often places police officers in invidious circumstances. The police officer has to balance their official duties to detect and reduce crime with a moral obligation to be above bribery and corruption. They also have various official duties and all of these obligations need to be balanced when dealing in the slightly murky world of the criminal underworld with its temptations and people who would benefit from an officers downfall. Nothing it seems can be taken at face value when dealing with informants. In his study of Melbourne police informers Settle noted the wide discrepancy between the legal and the actual position of the police/informer relationship. Police are expected to be accountable to the law for their methods whilst at the same time are under pressure to maintain order pragmatically (Settle, 1995 p.3) Basically this means that their actions must be justified in legalistic terms but such terms are at variance with several of the informal practices used in crime control such as informants.

Class Distinctions in World War I :: British History

Class Distinctions in World War I Pat Barker's novel Regeneration explores the effects that World War I has on the human condition and more specifically on the condition of the British people. One particular area of exploration is the detrimental presence of class distinctions within the ranks of the British military. This issue of class distinction is addressed specifically on pages 66 and 67 of the novel through a conversation between Billy Prior and Dr. Rivers. The characters' discussion reinforces Barker's theme of the injustices of these class distinctions and the harm they produce on the war front. Class distinctions were only too apparent within Britain's military entities. The Army "structured itself around class" and "in many ways . . . recreated the British class system in miniature: aristocratic generals, middle-class officers, and a working class rank and file" (Robb 84). This structure reinforced on the war front the class distinctions of the home front, and the "long-standing prejudices of the British class system ensured that enlisted men were treated almost like children." Some soldiers played the role of servant and waited on officers of high class who enjoyed luxuries unheard of to those existing in the grime of the trenches (Robb 85). In spite of the large gaps between fellow fighting men as a result of cross over social practices and of class structure within the ranks, the progression of the war caused some class boundaries to begin blurring as a need for more officers arose. The Army's initial officer class of 15, 000 men was expanded with the addition of 235, 000 individuals over the course of the war. The either permanent or temporary commissioning of these individuals gave them the title of "temporary gentlemen" ("Service"). This label of "temporary gentleman" applies to Prior in Barker's story, given his rank of Second Lieutenant. His lower class birth and provisional status place Prior in ridicule's way. During a therapy session with Rivers, Prior is asked how he "fit in" with those on the war front. In response to this question his "face shut[s] tight," and Prior asks, in order to clarify, "You mean, did I encounter any snobbery?" Prior answers his own question in the affirmative and informs Rivers that "it's made perfectly clear" who is immediately accepted at the front and who is not. He cites certain status enhancements such as having attended "the right school" or wearing shirts of "the right colour[,] [w]hich is a deep shade of khaki.

David Walker Appeal Paper Essay

Before David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World during the 1800’s, there had not been any other type of anti-slavery documents published. Although the Appeal is directed to black slaves, its powerful moral message and indictment of white America’s hypocritical society and oppressive, brutal system of slavery is a moral message that resonates to all audiences, including whites. Walker’s Appeal calls for slaves to rebel against their masters as the means of reacquiring their humanity. Walker relies heavily upon religious values of Christianity, communicating strongly with free and enslaved blacks: The man who would not fight under the Lord and Master Jesus Christ, in the glorious and heavenly cause of freedom and of God, to be delivered from the most wretched, abject and servile slavery, that ever a people was afflicted with since the foundation of the world, to the present day, ought to be kept with all his children or family, in slavery, or chains, to be butchered by his cruel enemies. (Walker Article 1) The Appeal sent out fear and terror throughout the white community as some states even passed laws that would sentence blacks, or even whites, to severe punishment if caught with the pamphlet. Finzsch cites to Eaton who points out that â€Å"in Georgia, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana and South Carolina anyone be it slave, free black or white who was caught with the pamphlet was tried and usually found guilty of inciting insurrection† and it also inspired enslaved blacks to fight for their freedom regardless of the consequences (Finzsch, 5). Walker’s purpose is a call for unity amongst slaves and to educate them as to their immediate need to fight back against their masters. In order to communicate his ideas, Walker attacks the values and the veracity of the United States history by pointing out the hypocrisy of the institution of slavery in a self-proclaimed nation that pretended to stand for constitutional equality, democracy and freedom. Walker powerfully challenges these notions by raising views that were being brought up mostly as a result of scientific racism and the idea that religion justifies slavery. Any discussion of abolition was always a radi cal, dangerous, and illegal conversation during the times of slavery. Slavery was the horrific social, political and economic system that allowed the United States to rapidly accumulate wealth, thus unjustly elevating whites to positions of immense power and privilege. When Walker  published his Appeal his document traveled throughout a political terrain that was controlled by whites, and these whites relied upon anti-black racist documents such as the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia. All of these documents systematically deemed blacks as un-human, excluding blacks from political protection, and condoned chattel slavery. Walker’s message in his Appeal resonates in the white community of that time because it directly challenges the myths relied upon by those whites in their â€Å"mythical† documents. The historical opening lines of the Declaration of Independence read â€Å"we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† This opening statement did not include black people, but rather it excluded them under the term that all â€Å"men† were not human. As the rest of the United States Constitution eventually clarified enslaved black people were not recognized as human beings and therefore were not entitled to the rights, privileges, and protection of the law. Furthermore, slavery was a legal institution under these sets of beliefs. Another one of the most influential documents of the time was Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia of 1781. Although Jefferson owned slaves, he considered himself to be an opponent of slavery. Within the document Jefferson compared blacks to whites and concluded by holding that black people were inferior to whites on multiple levels. Have they not, after having reduced us to the deplorable condition of slaves under their feet, held us up as descending originally from the tribes of Monkeys or Orang- Outings? (Walker Article 1) Jefferson believed that emancipation for blacks should mean the removal of them from the United States based on the hostility that blacks would harbor to whites, Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia further entrenched the practice of the dehumanization of black people, something that Walker’s Appeal deeply emphasizes and a message that whites and bla ck could easily understand. In order to support his call for slaves to unify and revolt against their masters Walker challenges the ideas of political documents relied upon whites. Walker effectively uses religion to pursued whites and blacks that the institution of slavery was massively unjust. Walker states that God and religion actually discouraged all forms  of slavery. For example he states, Are we MEN!! I ask you, my brethren are we MEN? Did our creator make us to be slaves to dust and ashes like ourselves? Are they not dying worms as well as we? Have they not to make their appearance before the tribunal of Heaven, to answer for the deeds done in the body, as well as we? Have we any other Master but Jesus Christ alone? Is he not their Master as well as ours? What right then, have we to obey and call any other Master, but Himself? (Walker, Article 1) Walker states that God is the lone master to which all humankind must obey. On these grounds Walker shuns the idea that black people must obey a white human master. Walker stands by the fact that the only master black people have are God himself and not the white man. Furthermore, he brings light to the fact that the white community will also have to answer to God for their acts of violence. Both blacks and whites can und erstand this religious and moral message. Not only did Walker challenge racism and the idea of religion to justify slavery, he also confronted Thomas Jefferson. Walker states:Mr. Jefferson said, when a master was murdered, all his slaves in the same house, or within hearing, were condemned to death, Here let me ask Mr. Jefferson, but he is gone to answer at the bar of God, for the deeds done in his body while living, I therefore ask the whole American people, had I not rather die, or be put to death, than to be a slave to any tyrant, who takes not only my own, but my wife and children’s lives by the inches? Yea, would I meet death with avidity far! Far!! (Walker, Article 1) Walker uses vial language to get others to understand the grotesque acts of violence that the white society inflicted on the black body and states that he would rather die fighting for freedom than be a subject to slavery. He was speaking for others who were afraid and did not have a voice, and for others who just needed a backbone and needed to be supported. Douglass’s rebellion narrative, The Heroic Slave, clearly important in its own right, is vastly diff erent from Walker in many ways. Douglass bases his work on the mutiny led by rebel slave Madison Washington on the Creole in 1841. The narrative is powerful, but the organizational intent and style is vastly different from the approach taken by Walker. Douglass uses a â€Å"storytelling† method to make his points. For example, the international sea and Britain are used by Douglass in The Heroic Slave to symbolize freedom (see Sweeny generally) And, unlike the aggressive and direct language used by Walker,  Douglass uses softer language to make his points in a more sublime manner. For example, in describing Washington as a self-emancipating figure, Douglass states, Washington is â€Å"standing erect, a smile of satisfaction . . . upon his expressive countenance, like . . . one who has just . . . .vanquished a malignant foe, for at that moment he was free . . . The future gleamed . . . .before him . . . his fetters lay broke at his feet. His air was triumphant (Douglass, Part 1). Works Cited Finzsch, Norbet. â€Å" David Walker and The Fight against Slavery † 2012. Douglas, Frederick. The Heroic Slave. Sweeney, Fionnghula. â€Å"Visual Culture and Fictive Technique in Frederick Douglass’s The Heroic Slave,† Slavery and Abolition, June 2012: 305-320. Walker, David. â€Å"Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World †1830.

Europeans vs the Native Americans essays

Europeans vs the Native Americans essays 1) Discuss the clash of cultures between the European and the Native Americans. What were the similarities and what were the differences? The Native Americans outnumbered the colonists so why didnt they drive the Europeans from the Atlantic coastline. Any general lessons to be drawn? The pre-Columbian Indian civilizations consisted of the Mayas, Toltecs, Astecs, Incas, and other Indians. Remnants of stone choppers and scrapers that were discovered suggest that the Indians used these items for spears and arrows. (Tindall, pg. 7) The Indians were not domesticated, they used their hunting skills to kill their prey and bring it home to their families. As the Indians began to settle in more permanent or semi permanent villages, they began to invent more domesticated items such as fiber snares, basketry, mills for grounding nuts, and domesticated the dog and turkey. (Tindall, pg. 7) The Indians began to consume more plant foods that became the staples of the New World: chiefly maize, which is Indian corn, squash, chili peppers, avocados, and pumpkins. (Tindall, pg. 7) Present day America should give credit to the Native Americans for harvesting these foods, because these foods are in our diets. Long before Columbus arrived, America lived in the fantasies o f Europeans. (Tindall, pg. 13) When the Europeans arrived, they encountered a land of many opportunities, some in which they had to swipe out from under the Native Americans feet. The first European contacts with the New World began a diffusion of cultures, an exchange of severe magnitude and race, as humanity had never known before. (Tindall, pg. 21) The Europeans were introduced to animals and creatures that they had never seen before. The only domesticated animals that the Europeans recognized were the dog and the duck. (Tindall, pg. 22) On the other hand, the Native Americans had never seen horses, cattle, sheep, goats, or chickens. The diversion of plants ...

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Foreign Exchange Risk Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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